A Review on Bank Retreat: Mechanisms, Observations, and Modeling

Bank retreat plays a fundamental role in fluvial and estuarine dynamics. It affects the cross-sectional evolution of channels, provides source sediment, modulates diversity habitats. Understanding predicting geomorphological response fluvial/tidal channels to external driving forces underpins robust management water courses protection wetlands. Here, we review bank with respect mechanisms, observations, modeling, covering both rivers (previously neglected) tidal channels. Our encompasses experimental situ observations failure mechanisms rates, modeling approaches numerical methods simulate erosion. We identify that forces, despite their distinct characteristics, may have similar effects on stability river leading same mode. existing data empirical functions for rate across range spatial temporal scales, highlight necessity account hydraulic geotechnical controls. Based time scale considerations, propose new hierarchy styles accounts retreat, clear recommendations enhancing approaches. Finally, discuss systematically feedbacks between morphodynamics, suggest move this agenda forward will require better understanding multifactor-driven particular attention differences (and similarities) riverine environments, exerted by collapsed soil.